Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.

“Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.” – Søren Kierkegaard According to Kierkegaard, rational, objective analysis (which works backwards) can never fully grasp the reality of the present moment. Kierkegaard’s philosophy is defined by a sharp distinction between internal reality (inwardness, subjectivity) and external reality (objectivity, the world), with a strong emphasis on the former […]

Knowing that you matter to someone reinforces your agency and purpose

Knowing that “you matter” is a matter of knowing that your presence, intentions, ideas and actions CONTRIBUTE to someone or something that feels PURPOSEFUL to you. It is about knowing that you have made a difference to someone or something you care about. The feedback loop of evidence of IMPACT and CONTRIBUTION fuels and sustains […]

Grit is built upon agency; agency is built upon social as well as psychological foundations

“They had factors in their lives that helped to influence their AGENCY.” – NYU sociologist Anindya Kundu Kundu is talking about students, but I suspect the same factors enhance people’s GRIT in all stages and walks of life. He argues that the AGENCY and PURPOSE that are the launch pad for GRIT and GROWTH are […]

AGENCY is an essential element of the foundation upon which both a good life and a good society are built

We assume everyone is born with the natural ability to notice, claim and make PURPOSEFUL use of AGENCY (主体性). The reality is more nuanced. AGENCY is a capacity requiring attention and cultivation. AGENCY is both personal and social, spontaneous and planned, internal and external, psychological and environmental… AGENCY does not require complete autonomy as a […]

Tests should induce “plus one thinking” by helping you see what you have already learned AND what you still have the opportunity to learn

The purpose of testing should be to boost learner agency and efficacy. Unfortunately, many tests actually have the opposite effect, increasing stress in ways that undermine both agency and efficacy. When administered in a thoughtful way, testing can serve as a feedback loop that enables learners to make (agential) decisions about how they want to […]